From the Unification of Italy to the Etna eruption of 1991
\n\n"},"fields":{"slug":"/history/1861-1991/"},"relationships":{"field_riferimento_traduzione":{"fields":{"slug":"/storia/dal-1861-al-1991/"}},"field_immagine_dettaglio":{"field_alt":"Gli effetti del terremoto dell’Irpinia del 23 novembre 1980, che colpì la Campania centrale e la Basilicata centro-settentrionale","field_didascalia":"Gli effetti del terremoto dell’Irpinia del 23 novembre 1980, che colpì la Campania centrale e la Basilicata centro-settentrionale (Foto del Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/b76a45c2e3f62a482559ae756423edd7/irpinia1980.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5027322404371584,"src":"/static/b76a45c2e3f62a482559ae756423edd7/14b42/irpinia1980.jpg","srcSet":"/static/b76a45c2e3f62a482559ae756423edd7/cf463/irpinia1980.jpg 275w,\n/static/b76a45c2e3f62a482559ae756423edd7/dee3b/irpinia1980.jpg 550w,\n/static/b76a45c2e3f62a482559ae756423edd7/14b42/irpinia1980.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}},"field_evento_timeline":[{"field_evento_timeline_attivo":false,"body":{"processed":"
April 29, 1982. The Department of Civil Protection is established at the Presidency of the Council of Ministers. In the same year, Law No. 996 formalizes the Minister for Civil Protection Coordination figure.
\n"},"title":"The institution of the Department of Civil Protection","field_titolo_esteso":"The institution of the Department of Civil Protection","field_data_evento":"1982-04-29T23:58:33+02:00","relationships":{"field_link_evento_timeline":{"field_link":null,"relationships":{"field_link_interno":{"__typename":"node__page","title":"The institution of the Department of Civil Protection","field_titolo_esteso":"The institution of the Department of Civil Protection","body":{"processed":"Law n. 996 of 1970 provided that the President of the Council of Ministers could appoint a Commissioner in case of serious emergency. Law n. 938 of 1982 formalized the Minister for Civil Protection Coordination figure. The purpose of this law was to provide for a sort of \"permanent commissioner\" responsible for intervening in an emergency. This prevented the need to identify each time a different subject with the task of building the \"organizational machine.\"
\nThe Minister for Civil Protection Coordination relied on the Department of Civil Protection, established in 1982, within the Presidency of the Council of Ministers by Service Order of 29 April. Instead of setting up a special ministry with a bureaucratic structure of equal rank compared to other ministries, it was decided to create a streamlined, supra-ministerial body to coordinate all the forces available to the country.
\nThe Department of Civil Protection collects information and data regarding emergency forecasting and prevention, prepares the implementation of national and territorial civil protection plans, organizes the coordination and direction of rescue services, promotes volunteer initiatives, and coordinates emergency planning for civil protection. Civil protection now operates along four main lines: forecasting, prevention, rescue, and return to normal conditions.
\nPhoto: The first Operational Committee, chaired by Elveno Pastorelli, meets on May 7, 1985, at the headquarters of the Civil Protection Department in Via Ulpiano in Rome
\n","value":"Law n. 996 of 1970 provided that the President of the Council of Ministers could appoint a Commissioner in case of serious emergency. Law n. 938 of 1982 formalized the Minister for Civil Protection Coordination figure. The purpose of this law was to provide for a sort of \"permanent commissioner\" responsible for intervening in an emergency. This prevented the need to identify each time a different subject with the task of building the \"organizational machine.\"
\r\n\r\nThe Minister for Civil Protection Coordination relied on the Department of Civil Protection, established in 1982, within the Presidency of the Council of Ministers by Service Order of 29 April. Instead of setting up a special ministry with a bureaucratic structure of equal rank compared to other ministries, it was decided to create a streamlined, supra-ministerial body to coordinate all the forces available to the country.
\r\n\r\nThe Department of Civil Protection collects information and data regarding emergency forecasting and prevention, prepares the implementation of national and territorial civil protection plans, organizes the coordination and direction of rescue services, promotes volunteer initiatives, and coordinates emergency planning for civil protection. Civil protection now operates along four main lines: forecasting, prevention, rescue, and return to normal conditions.
\r\n\r\nPhoto: The first Operational Committee, chaired by Elveno Pastorelli, meets on May 7, 1985, at the headquarters of the Civil Protection Department in Via Ulpiano in Rome
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_categoria_primaria":"pagina","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/pagina-base/institution-department-civil-protection/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Servizio Nazionale"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":{"field_alt":"Roma, 7 maggio 1985 - Il primo Comitato Operativo della Protezione Civile, riunito in via Ulpiano e presieduto da Elveno Pastorelli","field_didascalia":"Roma, 7 maggio 1985 - Il primo Comitato Operativo della Protezione Civile, riunito in via Ulpiano e presieduto da Elveno Pastorelli","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/fb2fa0ec797faef6419712d66d6ae058/primo-comitato-operativo-1985.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/fb2fa0ec797faef6419712d66d6ae058/14b42/primo-comitato-operativo-1985.jpg","srcSet":"/static/fb2fa0ec797faef6419712d66d6ae058/f836f/primo-comitato-operativo-1985.jpg 200w,\n/static/fb2fa0ec797faef6419712d66d6ae058/2244e/primo-comitato-operativo-1985.jpg 400w,\n/static/fb2fa0ec797faef6419712d66d6ae058/14b42/primo-comitato-operativo-1985.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}}}},"field_video_content":null,"field_immagine_anteprima":{"field_alt":"Roma, 7 maggio 1985 - Il primo Comitato Operativo della Protezione Civile, riunito in via Ulpiano e presieduto da Elveno Pastorelli","field_didascalia":"Roma, 7 maggio 1985 - Il primo Comitato Operativo della Protezione Civile, riunito in via Ulpiano e presieduto da Elveno Pastorelli","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/fb2fa0ec797faef6419712d66d6ae058/primo-comitato-operativo-1985.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/fb2fa0ec797faef6419712d66d6ae058/14b42/primo-comitato-operativo-1985.jpg","srcSet":"/static/fb2fa0ec797faef6419712d66d6ae058/f836f/primo-comitato-operativo-1985.jpg 200w,\n/static/fb2fa0ec797faef6419712d66d6ae058/2244e/primo-comitato-operativo-1985.jpg 400w,\n/static/fb2fa0ec797faef6419712d66d6ae058/14b42/primo-comitato-operativo-1985.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}},{"field_evento_timeline_attivo":false,"body":{"processed":"June 10, 1981. Alfredo Rampi, a young boy, falls into an artesian well in Vermicino, near Rome. The entire country stops to follow the dramatic attempts to rescue him.
\n"},"title":"The tragedy of Vermicino","field_titolo_esteso":"The tragedy of Vermicino","field_data_evento":"1981-06-10T23:56:41+02:00","relationships":{"field_link_evento_timeline":{"field_link":null,"relationships":{"field_link_interno":{"__typename":"node__page","title":"The tragedy of Vermicino","field_titolo_esteso":"The tragedy of Vermicino","body":{"processed":"On June 10, 1981, Alfredo Rampi, a 6-year-old boy, was on his way home in the countryside around Frascati. In the afternoon, he was only a few meters away from his grandparents' house, but he would never return. Alarmed, the parents began the search for their son. At 21.30, they decided to call the Police, who intervened on the spot with dog units.
\nThe agents located the child around midnight. The cries of little Alfredo, for everyone Alfredino, came from an artesian well covered with a sheet metal band. Shortly afterward, the Fire Fighters arrived from Rome. The well was 30 centimeters wide and 80 meters deep. Alfredino was stuck at 36 meters. They immediately found a way to talk to the child and reassure him, and a microphone was lowered into the well. For hours, a firefighter tried to keep Alfredino awake, telling him stories and establishing a relationship of trust with him.
\nA drill was urgently needed to carry out an excavation necessary for rescue operations, and an appeal was launched through the radio and television stations. At 8.30 am, the drill was available, and the work began. In the meantime, at the RAI headquarters in Via Teulada, the first images of the rescue operations began to arrive, with the child's voice captured by the microphone lowered into the well. At the end of Tg1 at 13.30, the child was about to be rescued, but unfortunately, the rescue attempt failed.
\nThe case of local news, waiting for a happy ending, turned into a dramatic event that took place under millions of people's eyes and disrupted the schedule for 18 long hours of live television. The emergency in Vermicino held the country in suspense, gathered around a strip of land where rescuers tried everything to save the baby in a long sequence of attempts, in which optimism and concern alternated.
\nOn June 12, the President of the Republic, Sandro Pertini, arrived in Vermicino and remained next to the child's family for the last desperate attempt to save Alfredino. At 5:02 a.m. on June 13 when, a speleologist descended into the well, reached the child, and tried to sling him. He tried again. He failed again. When he returned to the surface, he announced to his parents and the entire country that Alfredino was dead.
\nThe tragedy of Vermicino marked a painful and important stage in the birth of the modern National Service, which started with an awareness of the rescue system's limits and the need for greater coordination of the resources involved in emergency management.
\nThis and other emergencies - such as the Irpinia earthquake - gave rise to a civil and cultural debate that led to the overcoming of the old operational structure and to the birth, in 1982, of the Minister for Civil Protection Coordination and the Department of Civil Protection, within the Presidency of the Council of Ministers.
\nPhoto: The rescue operations of little Alfredo Rampi, who fell into an artesian well in Vermicino, near Rome on 10 June 1981 / The National Fire and Rescue Service
\n","value":"On June 10, 1981, Alfredo Rampi, a 6-year-old boy, was on his way home in the countryside around Frascati. In the afternoon, he was only a few meters away from his grandparents' house, but he would never return. Alarmed, the parents began the search for their son. At 21.30, they decided to call the Police, who intervened on the spot with dog units.
\r\n\r\nThe agents located the child around midnight. The cries of little Alfredo, for everyone Alfredino, came from an artesian well covered with a sheet metal band. Shortly afterward, the Fire Fighters arrived from Rome. The well was 30 centimeters wide and 80 meters deep. Alfredino was stuck at 36 meters. They immediately found a way to talk to the child and reassure him, and a microphone was lowered into the well. For hours, a firefighter tried to keep Alfredino awake, telling him stories and establishing a relationship of trust with him.
\r\n\r\nA drill was urgently needed to carry out an excavation necessary for rescue operations, and an appeal was launched through the radio and television stations. At 8.30 am, the drill was available, and the work began. In the meantime, at the RAI headquarters in Via Teulada, the first images of the rescue operations began to arrive, with the child's voice captured by the microphone lowered into the well. At the end of Tg1 at 13.30, the child was about to be rescued, but unfortunately, the rescue attempt failed.
\r\n\r\nThe case of local news, waiting for a happy ending, turned into a dramatic event that took place under millions of people's eyes and disrupted the schedule for 18 long hours of live television. The emergency in Vermicino held the country in suspense, gathered around a strip of land where rescuers tried everything to save the baby in a long sequence of attempts, in which optimism and concern alternated.
\r\n\r\nOn June 12, the President of the Republic, Sandro Pertini, arrived in Vermicino and remained next to the child's family for the last desperate attempt to save Alfredino. At 5:02 a.m. on June 13 when, a speleologist descended into the well, reached the child, and tried to sling him. He tried again. He failed again. When he returned to the surface, he announced to his parents and the entire country that Alfredino was dead.
\r\n\r\nThe tragedy of Vermicino marked a painful and important stage in the birth of the modern National Service, which started with an awareness of the rescue system's limits and the need for greater coordination of the resources involved in emergency management.
\r\n\r\nThis and other emergencies - such as the Irpinia earthquake - gave rise to a civil and cultural debate that led to the overcoming of the old operational structure and to the birth, in 1982, of the Minister for Civil Protection Coordination and the Department of Civil Protection, within the Presidency of the Council of Ministers.
\r\n\r\nPhoto: The rescue operations of little Alfredo Rampi, who fell into an artesian well in Vermicino, near Rome on 10 June 1981 / The National Fire and Rescue Service
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_categoria_primaria":"pagina","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/pagina-base/tragedy-vermicino/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Servizio Nazionale"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":null}}}},"field_video_content":null,"field_immagine_anteprima":{"field_alt":"Le operazioni di soccorso del piccolo Alfredino Rampi a Vermicino, nelle vicinanze di Roma, il 10 giugno 1981","field_didascalia":"Le operazioni di soccorso del piccolo Alfredino Rampi a Vermicino, nelle vicinanze di Roma, il 10 giugno 1981 (Foto del Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/da18efb1d67ad126b13dd380c9710c74/vermicino1981.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/da18efb1d67ad126b13dd380c9710c74/14b42/vermicino1981.jpg","srcSet":"/static/da18efb1d67ad126b13dd380c9710c74/f836f/vermicino1981.jpg 200w,\n/static/da18efb1d67ad126b13dd380c9710c74/2244e/vermicino1981.jpg 400w,\n/static/da18efb1d67ad126b13dd380c9710c74/14b42/vermicino1981.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}},{"field_evento_timeline_attivo":false,"body":{"processed":"November 23, 1980. An earthquake of magnitude 6.9 strikes a vast area of Campania, Basilicata, and slightly Puglia. President Pertini reports severe delays in rescue efforts and state intervention failures.
\n"},"title":"The Irpinia earthquake","field_titolo_esteso":"The Irpinia earthquake","field_data_evento":"1980-11-23T23:54:21+01:00","relationships":{"field_link_evento_timeline":{"field_link":null,"relationships":{"field_link_interno":{"__typename":"node__page","title":"The Irpinia earthquake","field_titolo_esteso":"The Irpinia earthquake","body":{"processed":"On November 23, 1980, an earthquake of magnitude 6.9 hit a large area of Campania, Basilicata, and marginally Puglia, resulting in 2734 casualties. A total of 688 municipalities were severely damaged, with half of them losing their entire housing infrastructure. The earthquake also triggered multiple landslides, including massive ones in Calitri, Caposele, Calabritto, and Senerchia.
\nPower and telephone lines went down, disrupting communications between the earthquake areas and the center. Rail traffic completely stopped, and the whole country was cut in two. The situation was further worsened by the panicking population trying to escape by blocking the main traffic routes. Emergency response was marked by significant difficulties and delays. The initial rescue efforts suffered from a total lack of coordination: volunteers, regional structures, and local authorities spontaneously mobilized without indications and clear operational targets from the Ministry of the Interior.
\nOn November 26, President Pertini addressed the Italian population through a televised message, condemning the delay in rescue efforts and the severe failures in state intervention in the earthquake-affected areas. He stated that specific responsibilities for these failures would be identified. Pertini concluded his speech by saying, \"This is not about politics; this is about human solidarity; all Italian men and women must rush to the aid of their brothers and sisters affected by this disaster. Because, believe me, the greatest way to commemorate the dead is to think of the living.\" Following the confusion of the first three days, the government intervened by appointing extraordinary commissioner Giuseppe Zamberletti. He successfully reorganized rescue efforts and engaged in dialogue with mayors.
\nIn those months, a reflection on the need for better rescue coordination began, which eventually led in February 1982 to the appointment of Zamberletti as Minister for Civil Protection Coordination and, a few months later, to the establishment of the Department of Civil Protection.
\nPhoto: Teams working after the Irpinia earthquake on November 23, 1980 / The National Fire and Rescue Service
\n","value":"On November 23, 1980, an earthquake of magnitude 6.9 hit a large area of Campania, Basilicata, and marginally Puglia, resulting in 2734 casualties. A total of 688 municipalities were severely damaged, with half of them losing their entire housing infrastructure. The earthquake also triggered multiple landslides, including massive ones in Calitri, Caposele, Calabritto, and Senerchia.
\r\n\r\nPower and telephone lines went down, disrupting communications between the earthquake areas and the center. Rail traffic completely stopped, and the whole country was cut in two. The situation was further worsened by the panicking population trying to escape by blocking the main traffic routes. Emergency response was marked by significant difficulties and delays. The initial rescue efforts suffered from a total lack of coordination: volunteers, regional structures, and local authorities spontaneously mobilized without indications and clear operational targets from the Ministry of the Interior.
\r\n\r\nOn November 26, President Pertini addressed the Italian population through a televised message, condemning the delay in rescue efforts and the severe failures in state intervention in the earthquake-affected areas. He stated that specific responsibilities for these failures would be identified. Pertini concluded his speech by saying, \"This is not about politics; this is about human solidarity; all Italian men and women must rush to the aid of their brothers and sisters affected by this disaster. Because, believe me, the greatest way to commemorate the dead is to think of the living.\" Following the confusion of the first three days, the government intervened by appointing extraordinary commissioner Giuseppe Zamberletti. He successfully reorganized rescue efforts and engaged in dialogue with mayors.
\r\n\r\nIn those months, a reflection on the need for better rescue coordination began, which eventually led in February 1982 to the appointment of Zamberletti as Minister for Civil Protection Coordination and, a few months later, to the establishment of the Department of Civil Protection.
\r\n\r\nPhoto: Teams working after the Irpinia earthquake on November 23, 1980 / The National Fire and Rescue Service
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_categoria_primaria":"pagina","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/pagina-base/irpinia-earthquake/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Servizio Nazionale"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":{"field_alt":"Squadre al lavoro dopo terremoto dell’Irpinia del 23 novembre 1980","field_didascalia":"Squadre al lavoro dopo terremoto dell’Irpinia del 23 novembre 1980 (Foto del Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/a14ae97f0858112b2dde70a17bb63c1c/irpinia1980-2.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/a14ae97f0858112b2dde70a17bb63c1c/14b42/irpinia1980-2.jpg","srcSet":"/static/a14ae97f0858112b2dde70a17bb63c1c/f836f/irpinia1980-2.jpg 200w,\n/static/a14ae97f0858112b2dde70a17bb63c1c/2244e/irpinia1980-2.jpg 400w,\n/static/a14ae97f0858112b2dde70a17bb63c1c/14b42/irpinia1980-2.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}}}},"field_video_content":null,"field_immagine_anteprima":{"field_alt":"Squadre al lavoro dopo terremoto dell’Irpinia del 23 novembre 1980","field_didascalia":"Squadre al lavoro dopo terremoto dell’Irpinia del 23 novembre 1980 (Foto del Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/a14ae97f0858112b2dde70a17bb63c1c/irpinia1980-2.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/a14ae97f0858112b2dde70a17bb63c1c/14b42/irpinia1980-2.jpg","srcSet":"/static/a14ae97f0858112b2dde70a17bb63c1c/f836f/irpinia1980-2.jpg 200w,\n/static/a14ae97f0858112b2dde70a17bb63c1c/2244e/irpinia1980-2.jpg 400w,\n/static/a14ae97f0858112b2dde70a17bb63c1c/14b42/irpinia1980-2.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}},{"field_evento_timeline_attivo":false,"body":{"processed":"May 6, 1976. An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.4 severely hits Friuli and, in particular, the middle valley of the Tagliamento River. In the hours following the quake, the government assigns the direction of rescue operations to extraordinary commissioner Giuseppe Zamberletti.
\n"},"title":"The Friuli earthquake","field_titolo_esteso":"The Friuli earthquake","field_data_evento":"1976-05-06T23:52:43+01:00","relationships":{"field_link_evento_timeline":{"field_link":null,"relationships":{"field_link_interno":{"__typename":"node__page","title":"The Friuli earthquake","field_titolo_esteso":"The Friuli earthquake","body":{"processed":"On May 6, 1976, an earthquake of magnitude 6.4 severely hit Friuli, particularly the Tagliamento River's middle valley, affecting more than one hundred towns in the provinces of Udine and Pordenone. The earthquake was felt throughout most of central and northern Italy and was followed by several aftershocks, some of which were very powerful. On September 15, a new earthquake of magnitude 5.9 caused further destruction. The two earthquakes resulted in a total loss of 965 lives.
\nThe earthquake caused immense damage to the region's historical buildings, and it had a significant impact on the economy. Approximately 15,000 workers lost their jobs due to factory destruction or damage. Although the high seismicity of the region and, in particular, of the area between the plains and the mountains was known, most of the municipalities that were significantly affected, such as Buia, Gemona, and Osoppo, were not classified as seismically active and were, therefore, not subject to the application of specific building regulations.
\nThe robust military presence in Friuli enabled prompt and efficient rescue operations, making it easier to clear the debris, restart services, and establish temporary shelters and field kitchens. Soon after the earthquake, the government tasked Giuseppe Zamberletti, an extraordinary commissioner, with leading the rescue operations. He was appointed Minister for the Coordination of Civil Protection six years later.
\nThe regional government and the mayors of the affected municipalities worked closely with the extraordinary commissioner to manage the emergency situation. The regional and local governments played an important and complex role that had previously been managed mainly at the central level. For the first time, \"operational centers\" were established to coordinate rescue and assistance to the population. These centers aimed to create a managing body, led by the mayor, composed of representatives of public and private administrations in each municipality in the affected area.
\nMayors and citizens played a vital role in the reconstruction phase of Friuli's urban and social structure, according to what is now known as the \"Friuli model.\" This model states that houses and factories must be rebuilt \"where they were, as they were.\" In just over 15 years, Friuli was reborn.
\nPhoto: Rescue teams at work following the May 6, 1976 earthquake in Friuli, Italy / The National Fire and Rescue Service
\n","value":"On May 6, 1976, an earthquake of magnitude 6.4 severely hit Friuli, particularly the Tagliamento River's middle valley, affecting more than one hundred towns in the provinces of Udine and Pordenone. The earthquake was felt throughout most of central and northern Italy and was followed by several aftershocks, some of which were very powerful. On September 15, a new earthquake of magnitude 5.9 caused further destruction. The two earthquakes resulted in a total loss of 965 lives.
\r\n\r\nThe earthquake caused immense damage to the region's historical buildings, and it had a significant impact on the economy. Approximately 15,000 workers lost their jobs due to factory destruction or damage. Although the high seismicity of the region and, in particular, of the area between the plains and the mountains was known, most of the municipalities that were significantly affected, such as Buia, Gemona, and Osoppo, were not classified as seismically active and were, therefore, not subject to the application of specific building regulations.
\r\n\r\nThe robust military presence in Friuli enabled prompt and efficient rescue operations, making it easier to clear the debris, restart services, and establish temporary shelters and field kitchens. Soon after the earthquake, the government tasked Giuseppe Zamberletti, an extraordinary commissioner, with leading the rescue operations. He was appointed Minister for the Coordination of Civil Protection six years later.
\r\n\r\nThe regional government and the mayors of the affected municipalities worked closely with the extraordinary commissioner to manage the emergency situation. The regional and local governments played an important and complex role that had previously been managed mainly at the central level. For the first time, \"operational centers\" were established to coordinate rescue and assistance to the population. These centers aimed to create a managing body, led by the mayor, composed of representatives of public and private administrations in each municipality in the affected area.
\r\n\r\nMayors and citizens played a vital role in the reconstruction phase of Friuli's urban and social structure, according to what is now known as the \"Friuli model.\" This model states that houses and factories must be rebuilt \"where they were, as they were.\" In just over 15 years, Friuli was reborn.
\r\n\r\nPhoto: Rescue teams at work following the May 6, 1976 earthquake in Friuli, Italy / The National Fire and Rescue Service
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_categoria_primaria":"pagina","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/pagina-base/friuli-earthquake/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Servizio Nazionale"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":{"field_alt":"Squadre di soccorritori all’opera in seguito al terremoto in Friuli del 6 maggio 1976","field_didascalia":"Squadre di soccorritori all’opera in seguito al terremoto in Friuli del 6 maggio 1976 (Foto del Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/ebb663adf6c2fc5a0f3d61b3d318c8ce/friuli1976_0.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/ebb663adf6c2fc5a0f3d61b3d318c8ce/14b42/friuli1976_0.jpg","srcSet":"/static/ebb663adf6c2fc5a0f3d61b3d318c8ce/f836f/friuli1976_0.jpg 200w,\n/static/ebb663adf6c2fc5a0f3d61b3d318c8ce/2244e/friuli1976_0.jpg 400w,\n/static/ebb663adf6c2fc5a0f3d61b3d318c8ce/14b42/friuli1976_0.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}}}},"field_video_content":null,"field_immagine_anteprima":{"field_alt":"Squadre di soccorritori all’opera in seguito al terremoto in Friuli del 6 maggio 1976","field_didascalia":"Squadre di soccorritori all’opera in seguito al terremoto in Friuli del 6 maggio 1976 (Foto del Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/ebb663adf6c2fc5a0f3d61b3d318c8ce/friuli1976_0.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/ebb663adf6c2fc5a0f3d61b3d318c8ce/14b42/friuli1976_0.jpg","srcSet":"/static/ebb663adf6c2fc5a0f3d61b3d318c8ce/f836f/friuli1976_0.jpg 200w,\n/static/ebb663adf6c2fc5a0f3d61b3d318c8ce/2244e/friuli1976_0.jpg 400w,\n/static/ebb663adf6c2fc5a0f3d61b3d318c8ce/14b42/friuli1976_0.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}},{"field_evento_timeline_attivo":false,"body":{"processed":"December 8, 1970. Law No. 996 defines the concept of \"civil protection\" by focusing on the emergency stage, that is, rescue to be implemented in the immediacy of the event. It also assigns a central role to the Ministry of the Interior, which takes over the direction and coordination of interventions in the event of a disaster.
\n"},"title":"The first law on civil protection interventions","field_titolo_esteso":"The first law on civil protection interventions","field_data_evento":"1970-12-08T23:50:05+01:00","relationships":{"field_link_evento_timeline":{"field_link":null,"relationships":{"field_link_interno":{"__typename":"node__page","title":"The first law on civil protection interventions","field_titolo_esteso":"The first law on civil protection interventions","body":{"processed":"Law No. 996 of December 8, 1970-\"Rules on rescue and assistance to disaster-affected populations-Civil Protection\"-outlined a broad framework for civil protection interventions.
\nFor the first time, the Italian legal system defined the concept of \"civil protection,\" intended as the activity of providing services aimed at guaranteeing rescue and assistance to populations in the event of an emergency and, upon the occurrence of the calamity, the coordination of the interventions of state administrations, regions, and territorial and institutional public entities. The notion of a natural disaster or catastrophe was also specified for the first time: \"the occurrence of situations involving serious damage and danger of damage to the safety of persons and property, and which, due to their nature and extent, must be faced with extraordinary technical interventions.\"
\nThe management and coordination of all activities related to disaster response were transferred from the Ministry of Public Works to the Ministry of the Interior. A new interministerial Committee was explicitly established to coordinate the activities of the various ministries involved in disaster response. The law also provided for the appointment of an Emergency Commissioner responsible for directing and coordinating the rescue efforts at the disaster site. According to the law, the declaration of a disaster or natural calamity was the responsibility of the Prime Minister, who would issue a decree containing the appointment of the Commissioner.
\nEmergency assistance centers (Centri Assistenziali di Pronto Intervento-CAPIs) were created to assist the population from the first emergency to the return to normality. For the first time, civil protection volunteers' activity was also recognized: the Ministry of the Interior, through the National Fire and Rescue Service, was responsible for educating, training, and equipping citizens who voluntarily offered their help.
\nLaw No. 996/70 prioritized the moment of emergency; in fact, it regulated only the rescue to be deployed immediately after the event. Regulations implementing the law would be approved after eleven years.
\n","value":"Law No. 996 of December 8, 1970-\"Rules on rescue and assistance to disaster-affected populations-Civil Protection\"-outlined a broad framework for civil protection interventions.
\r\n\r\nFor the first time, the Italian legal system defined the concept of \"civil protection,\" intended as the activity of providing services aimed at guaranteeing rescue and assistance to populations in the event of an emergency and, upon the occurrence of the calamity, the coordination of the interventions of state administrations, regions, and territorial and institutional public entities. The notion of a natural disaster or catastrophe was also specified for the first time: \"the occurrence of situations involving serious damage and danger of damage to the safety of persons and property, and which, due to their nature and extent, must be faced with extraordinary technical interventions.\"
\r\n\r\nThe management and coordination of all activities related to disaster response were transferred from the Ministry of Public Works to the Ministry of the Interior. A new interministerial Committee was explicitly established to coordinate the activities of the various ministries involved in disaster response. The law also provided for the appointment of an Emergency Commissioner responsible for directing and coordinating the rescue efforts at the disaster site. According to the law, the declaration of a disaster or natural calamity was the responsibility of the Prime Minister, who would issue a decree containing the appointment of the Commissioner.
\r\n\r\nEmergency assistance centers (Centri Assistenziali di Pronto Intervento-CAPIs) were created to assist the population from the first emergency to the return to normality. For the first time, civil protection volunteers' activity was also recognized: the Ministry of the Interior, through the National Fire and Rescue Service, was responsible for educating, training, and equipping citizens who voluntarily offered their help.
\r\n\r\nLaw No. 996/70 prioritized the moment of emergency; in fact, it regulated only the rescue to be deployed immediately after the event. Regulations implementing the law would be approved after eleven years.
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_categoria_primaria":"pagina","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/pagina-base/first-law-civil-protection-interventions/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Servizio Nazionale"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":null}}}},"field_video_content":null,"field_immagine_anteprima":null}},{"field_evento_timeline_attivo":false,"body":{"processed":"January 14, 1968. An earthquake of magnitude 6.4 devastates the Belice Valley in Sicily. Emergency management is unsuccessful due to a lack of coordination among ground forces. The rebuilding process will be long, with settlements relocated to areas far from the earthquake's impact.
\n"},"title":"The Belice earthquake","field_titolo_esteso":"The Belice earthquake","field_data_evento":"1968-01-14T23:47:46+01:00","relationships":{"field_link_evento_timeline":{"field_link":null,"relationships":{"field_link_interno":{"__typename":"node__page","title":"The Belice earthquake","field_titolo_esteso":"The Belice earthquake","body":{"processed":"In 1968, Italy suffered the first major emergency of the post-war period. On the night between January 14 and 15, a violent earthquake of magnitude 6.5 struck western Sicily, particularly the provinces of Palermo, Trapani, and Agrigento. The Belice Valley was wasted. Gibellina, Montevago, Poggioreale, and Salaparuta were razed to the ground. Also, Menfi, Partanna, Camporeale, Chiusa Scafani, Contessa Entellina, Sciacca, Santa Ninfa, Salemi, Vita, Calatafimi, and Santa Margherita del Belice were severely damaged.
\nThe damage was enormous: 296 people died, more than a thousand were injured, and almost 100 thousand lost their homes. The catastrophe highlighted the dwellings' weakness, which could not support the shocks. The rural building patrimony suffered irreparable damages, with severe repercussions for the almost exclusively agricultural economy of the territory. Thus began a long period of seismic activity, which ended a year later, in February 1969. There were many shocks, the strongest of which were between the 14th and 25th of January 1968 when - with the rescue teams still working among the rubble - a violent shock caused the death of a firefighter and further damage between Palermo and Sciacca.
\nThe complex management of the emergency, the delays in relief, and the homeless forced to move: the Belice earthquake heavily marked Italian post-war history, and thousands of families saw their lives changed forever. After the first dramatic months, the earthquake victims of Belice arrived in Rome to express their views, and there was only one voice: reconstruction. On March 2, 1968, earthquake victims and students met in Piazza Colonna before Parliament. They asked Prime Minister Aldo Moro for an appropriate law to develop the Belice Valley.
\nThat of Belice was a very long reconstruction; the inhabited centers were moved far from the affected places without taking into account the needs of life and work of the area's residents. However, thanks to the period of great human and cultural ferment, the Belice became an open-air laboratory, and the city of Gibellina was reconstructed thanks to the contribution of intellectuals and artists such as Sciascia, Consagra, Schifano, Pomodoro, Paladino.
\nThe \"Grande Cretto\" by Alberto Burri is a significant representation of his intervention. This contemporary artwork, one of the largest in the world, stands on the ruins of Gibellina and is \"frozen\" by the artist using cement. A white robe covers the city, protecting it while preserving the memory of its people affected by the earthquake.
\nPhoto: Collapse caused by the earthquake of January 14, 1968 in the Belice Valley in western Sicily / The National Fire and Rescue Service
\n","value":"In 1968, Italy suffered the first major emergency of the post-war period. On the night between January 14 and 15, a violent earthquake of magnitude 6.5 struck western Sicily, particularly the provinces of Palermo, Trapani, and Agrigento. The Belice Valley was wasted. Gibellina, Montevago, Poggioreale, and Salaparuta were razed to the ground. Also, Menfi, Partanna, Camporeale, Chiusa Scafani, Contessa Entellina, Sciacca, Santa Ninfa, Salemi, Vita, Calatafimi, and Santa Margherita del Belice were severely damaged.
\r\n\r\nThe damage was enormous: 296 people died, more than a thousand were injured, and almost 100 thousand lost their homes. The catastrophe highlighted the dwellings' weakness, which could not support the shocks. The rural building patrimony suffered irreparable damages, with severe repercussions for the almost exclusively agricultural economy of the territory. Thus began a long period of seismic activity, which ended a year later, in February 1969. There were many shocks, the strongest of which were between the 14th and 25th of January 1968 when - with the rescue teams still working among the rubble - a violent shock caused the death of a firefighter and further damage between Palermo and Sciacca.
\r\n\r\nThe complex management of the emergency, the delays in relief, and the homeless forced to move: the Belice earthquake heavily marked Italian post-war history, and thousands of families saw their lives changed forever. After the first dramatic months, the earthquake victims of Belice arrived in Rome to express their views, and there was only one voice: reconstruction. On March 2, 1968, earthquake victims and students met in Piazza Colonna before Parliament. They asked Prime Minister Aldo Moro for an appropriate law to develop the Belice Valley.
\r\n\r\nThat of Belice was a very long reconstruction; the inhabited centers were moved far from the affected places without taking into account the needs of life and work of the area's residents. However, thanks to the period of great human and cultural ferment, the Belice became an open-air laboratory, and the city of Gibellina was reconstructed thanks to the contribution of intellectuals and artists such as Sciascia, Consagra, Schifano, Pomodoro, Paladino.
\r\n\r\nThe \"Grande Cretto\" by Alberto Burri is a significant representation of his intervention. This contemporary artwork, one of the largest in the world, stands on the ruins of Gibellina and is \"frozen\" by the artist using cement. A white robe covers the city, protecting it while preserving the memory of its people affected by the earthquake.
\r\n\r\nPhoto: Collapse caused by the earthquake of January 14, 1968 in the Belice Valley in western Sicily / The National Fire and Rescue Service
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_categoria_primaria":"pagina","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/pagina-base/belice-earthquake/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Servizio Nazionale"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":{"field_alt":"I danni causati dal terremoto che nella notte tra il 14 e il 15 gennaio del 1968 colpì la Valle del Belice","field_didascalia":"I danni causati dal terremoto che nella notte tra il 14 e il 15 gennaio del 1968 colpì la Valle del Belice (Foto del Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/e174f7e8cc21518cc7133f6e854c5e01/belice1968.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/e174f7e8cc21518cc7133f6e854c5e01/14b42/belice1968.jpg","srcSet":"/static/e174f7e8cc21518cc7133f6e854c5e01/f836f/belice1968.jpg 200w,\n/static/e174f7e8cc21518cc7133f6e854c5e01/2244e/belice1968.jpg 400w,\n/static/e174f7e8cc21518cc7133f6e854c5e01/14b42/belice1968.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}}}},"field_video_content":null,"field_immagine_anteprima":{"field_alt":"I danni causati dal terremoto che nella notte tra il 14 e il 15 gennaio del 1968 colpì la Valle del Belice","field_didascalia":"I danni causati dal terremoto che nella notte tra il 14 e il 15 gennaio del 1968 colpì la Valle del Belice (Foto del Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/e174f7e8cc21518cc7133f6e854c5e01/belice1968.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/e174f7e8cc21518cc7133f6e854c5e01/14b42/belice1968.jpg","srcSet":"/static/e174f7e8cc21518cc7133f6e854c5e01/f836f/belice1968.jpg 200w,\n/static/e174f7e8cc21518cc7133f6e854c5e01/2244e/belice1968.jpg 400w,\n/static/e174f7e8cc21518cc7133f6e854c5e01/14b42/belice1968.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}},{"field_evento_timeline_attivo":false,"body":{"processed":"November 4, 1966. An exceptional wave of bad weather causes the Arno River to overflow and flood Florence. Many neighborhoods, including the historic center, are flooded. In the first few days, aid comes almost exclusively from \"mud angels\" and troops based in the city.
\n"},"title":"The flood of Florence","field_titolo_esteso":"The flood of Florence","field_data_evento":"1966-11-04T23:45:13+01:00","relationships":{"field_link_evento_timeline":{"field_link":null,"relationships":{"field_link_interno":{"__typename":"node__page","title":"The flood of Florence","field_titolo_esteso":"The flood of Florence","body":{"processed":"After ten days of heavy rain, the Arno River flooded in the Casentino and Valdarno Superiore areas on the night between 3 and 4 November 1966. When the flood reached the Tuscan capital, the damage was irreparable: a three-meter-high wave swept through the city streets at 60 kilometers per hour. From the banks of the Arno, transformed into a single river, the mud flooded everywhere, sweeping away houses, churches, and historical buildings.
\nIn the Santa Croce district, via dei Neri, a plate remembers the highest point reached by the flood: 4 meters and 92 centimeters. Due to the absence of a monitoring network, the overflow of the Arno was not announced in advance, and the citizens were caught unprepared. The citizens of Florence, caught at home or in the streets flooded by the waters, had to fight for their lives. A total of 35 people died in the region.
\nOn November 6, 1966, when the Arno retreated, it left the city under 600,000 tons of mud. Carabinieri, police, military forces, firefighters—all gathered in Florence to help. The Fire Department, on the night between 4 and 5 November, saved thousands of people, with over nine thousand interventions. After the phase of first aid, the activities concentrated on the distribution of medicines, food, and feed for livestock.
\nA key element of this emergency was the spontaneous response of the population, the \"active citizenship\" from all over Italy, and many foreign countries to help a city in dire straits: the \"mud angels.\" The Armed Forces, while numerous, operated without the coordination that would come only with future Civil Protection: it was only six days after the flood that the government managed to set up an organized rescue network.
\nFor the first time in Italy, the lack of a national system able to effectively intervene during emergencies and the need to monitor the territory through constant forecasting and prevention activities was perceived. A regulatory response arrived in 1970 with Law 996 - \"Norms on relief and assistance to populations struck by calamities\" - which outlined an overall framework of civil protection interventions and recognized the activity of volunteers for the first time.
\nPhoto: The historical center of Florence after the flood of November 4, 1966 / The National Fire and Rescue Service
\n","value":"After ten days of heavy rain, the Arno River flooded in the Casentino and Valdarno Superiore areas on the night between 3 and 4 November 1966. When the flood reached the Tuscan capital, the damage was irreparable: a three-meter-high wave swept through the city streets at 60 kilometers per hour. From the banks of the Arno, transformed into a single river, the mud flooded everywhere, sweeping away houses, churches, and historical buildings.
\r\n\r\nIn the Santa Croce district, via dei Neri, a plate remembers the highest point reached by the flood: 4 meters and 92 centimeters. Due to the absence of a monitoring network, the overflow of the Arno was not announced in advance, and the citizens were caught unprepared. The citizens of Florence, caught at home or in the streets flooded by the waters, had to fight for their lives. A total of 35 people died in the region.
\r\n\r\nOn November 6, 1966, when the Arno retreated, it left the city under 600,000 tons of mud. Carabinieri, police, military forces, firefighters—all gathered in Florence to help. The Fire Department, on the night between 4 and 5 November, saved thousands of people, with over nine thousand interventions. After the phase of first aid, the activities concentrated on the distribution of medicines, food, and feed for livestock.
\r\n\r\nA key element of this emergency was the spontaneous response of the population, the \"active citizenship\" from all over Italy, and many foreign countries to help a city in dire straits: the \"mud angels.\" The Armed Forces, while numerous, operated without the coordination that would come only with future Civil Protection: it was only six days after the flood that the government managed to set up an organized rescue network.
\r\n\r\nFor the first time in Italy, the lack of a national system able to effectively intervene during emergencies and the need to monitor the territory through constant forecasting and prevention activities was perceived. A regulatory response arrived in 1970 with Law 996 - \"Norms on relief and assistance to populations struck by calamities\" - which outlined an overall framework of civil protection interventions and recognized the activity of volunteers for the first time.
\r\n\r\nPhoto: The historical center of Florence after the flood of November 4, 1966 / The National Fire and Rescue Service
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_categoria_primaria":"pagina","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/pagina-base/flood-florence/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Servizio Nazionale"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":{"field_alt":"L’alluvione di Firenze del 4 novembre 1966","field_didascalia":"L’alluvione di Firenze del 4 novembre 1966 (Foto del Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/ac433d986946737dc7f2dc1a9eb36175/firenze1966.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/ac433d986946737dc7f2dc1a9eb36175/14b42/firenze1966.jpg","srcSet":"/static/ac433d986946737dc7f2dc1a9eb36175/f836f/firenze1966.jpg 200w,\n/static/ac433d986946737dc7f2dc1a9eb36175/2244e/firenze1966.jpg 400w,\n/static/ac433d986946737dc7f2dc1a9eb36175/14b42/firenze1966.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}}}},"field_video_content":null,"field_immagine_anteprima":{"field_alt":"L’alluvione di Firenze del 4 novembre 1966","field_didascalia":"L’alluvione di Firenze del 4 novembre 1966 (Foto del Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/ac433d986946737dc7f2dc1a9eb36175/firenze1966.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/ac433d986946737dc7f2dc1a9eb36175/14b42/firenze1966.jpg","srcSet":"/static/ac433d986946737dc7f2dc1a9eb36175/f836f/firenze1966.jpg 200w,\n/static/ac433d986946737dc7f2dc1a9eb36175/2244e/firenze1966.jpg 400w,\n/static/ac433d986946737dc7f2dc1a9eb36175/14b42/firenze1966.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}},{"field_evento_timeline_attivo":false,"body":{"processed":"July 23, 1930. An earthquake of magnitude 6.7 hits a large area of southern Italy between upper Irpinia and the Vulture area. It causes severe and widespread damage due to the soil's characteristics and fragile residential properties.
\n"},"title":"The Irpinia and Vulture earthquake","field_titolo_esteso":"The Irpinia and Vulture earthquake","field_data_evento":"1930-07-23T23:42:57+01:00","relationships":{"field_link_evento_timeline":{"field_link":null,"relationships":{"field_link_interno":{"__typename":"node__page","title":"The Irpinia and Vulture earthquake","field_titolo_esteso":"The Irpinia and Vulture earthquake","body":{"processed":"On July 23, 1930, an earthquake of magnitude 6.7 struck a vast area of southern Italy between Upper Irpinia and the Vulture area, affecting the provinces of Naples, Avellino, Benevento, Foggia, Potenza, and Salerno. The Upper Irpinia region was the most seriously damaged, particularly the inhabited centers of Lacedonia, Aquilonia, and Villanova in the province of Avellino. The towns of Rapolla, Barile, Rionero, Atella, and Melfi, situated at the foot of Monte Vulture in the province of Potenza, were also hit. The earthquake caused about 1400 deaths.
\nThe area impacted by the event included small villages, typically 600 meters or higher above sea level and connected mainly by winding and poorly maintained roads. Despite the fact that this region of the southern Apennines had been hit by some of the most disastrous earthquakes in Italian seismic history over the centuries, no preventive measures were taken to mitigate the risk associated with the occurrence of similar events.
\nThe severe damage caused by the earthquake on July 23 was due to a combination of factors. A major contributor was the type of land on which the inhabited centers were built—clay, sand, or gravel. However, the main reason was the fragility of the buildings, which were mostly constructed using river stones bound by poor-quality mortar or even dried mud. As a result, the earthquake brought the issue of seismic vulnerability of the building heritage into sharp focus.
\nPhoto: Collapse caused by the earthquake of 23 July 1930 in a village in Vulture, in northern Basilicata / Bundesarchiv, catalog number 102-10192, published on commons.wikimedia.org under CC BY-SA 3.0 license
\n","value":"On July 23, 1930, an earthquake of magnitude 6.7 struck a vast area of southern Italy between Upper Irpinia and the Vulture area, affecting the provinces of Naples, Avellino, Benevento, Foggia, Potenza, and Salerno. The Upper Irpinia region was the most seriously damaged, particularly the inhabited centers of Lacedonia, Aquilonia, and Villanova in the province of Avellino. The towns of Rapolla, Barile, Rionero, Atella, and Melfi, situated at the foot of Monte Vulture in the province of Potenza, were also hit. The earthquake caused about 1400 deaths.
\r\n\r\nThe area impacted by the event included small villages, typically 600 meters or higher above sea level and connected mainly by winding and poorly maintained roads. Despite the fact that this region of the southern Apennines had been hit by some of the most disastrous earthquakes in Italian seismic history over the centuries, no preventive measures were taken to mitigate the risk associated with the occurrence of similar events.
\r\n\r\nThe severe damage caused by the earthquake on July 23 was due to a combination of factors. A major contributor was the type of land on which the inhabited centers were built—clay, sand, or gravel. However, the main reason was the fragility of the buildings, which were mostly constructed using river stones bound by poor-quality mortar or even dried mud. As a result, the earthquake brought the issue of seismic vulnerability of the building heritage into sharp focus.
\r\n\r\nPhoto: Collapse caused by the earthquake of 23 July 1930 in a village in Vulture, in northern Basilicata / Bundesarchiv, catalog number 102-10192, published on commons.wikimedia.org under CC BY-SA 3.0 license
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_categoria_primaria":"pagina","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/pagina-base/irpinia-and-vulture-earthquake/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Servizio Nazionale"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":{"field_alt":"I crolli causati dal terremoto del 23 luglio 1930 in un paese del Vulture, nel nord della Basilicata","field_didascalia":"I crolli causati dal terremoto del 23 luglio 1930 in un paese del Vulture, nel nord della Basilicata (Bundesarchiv, numero di catalogo 102-10192, pubblicata su commons.wikimedia.org con licenza CC BY-SA 3.0)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/688c4f0b7233e9745fd6256d9fec7a5d/vulture1930.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/688c4f0b7233e9745fd6256d9fec7a5d/14b42/vulture1930.jpg","srcSet":"/static/688c4f0b7233e9745fd6256d9fec7a5d/f836f/vulture1930.jpg 200w,\n/static/688c4f0b7233e9745fd6256d9fec7a5d/2244e/vulture1930.jpg 400w,\n/static/688c4f0b7233e9745fd6256d9fec7a5d/14b42/vulture1930.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}}}},"field_video_content":null,"field_immagine_anteprima":{"field_alt":"I crolli causati dal terremoto del 23 luglio 1930 in un paese del Vulture, nel nord della Basilicata","field_didascalia":"I crolli causati dal terremoto del 23 luglio 1930 in un paese del Vulture, nel nord della Basilicata (Bundesarchiv, numero di catalogo 102-10192, pubblicata su commons.wikimedia.org con licenza CC BY-SA 3.0)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/688c4f0b7233e9745fd6256d9fec7a5d/vulture1930.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/688c4f0b7233e9745fd6256d9fec7a5d/14b42/vulture1930.jpg","srcSet":"/static/688c4f0b7233e9745fd6256d9fec7a5d/f836f/vulture1930.jpg 200w,\n/static/688c4f0b7233e9745fd6256d9fec7a5d/2244e/vulture1930.jpg 400w,\n/static/688c4f0b7233e9745fd6256d9fec7a5d/14b42/vulture1930.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}},{"field_evento_timeline_attivo":false,"body":{"processed":"November 14, 1951. Intense rainfall affects the Po Valley and results in exceptional flooding of the Po River. The river breaks its banks between November 11 and 12, 1951 around Parma and two days later around Rovigo, flooding the Polesine area.
\n"},"title":"The Polesine flood","field_titolo_esteso":"The Polesine flood","field_data_evento":"1951-11-14T16:10:21+01:00","relationships":{"field_link_evento_timeline":{"field_link":null,"relationships":{"field_link_interno":{"__typename":"node__page","title":"The Polesine flood","field_titolo_esteso":"The Polesine flood","body":{"processed":"In early November, heavy rainfall affected the Po Valley, leading to exceptional flooding of the Po River. The river broke its banks between November 11 and 12 in Parma and two days later in Rovigo, causing floods in the Polesine area in the Veneto region, characterized by large areas below sea level.
\nThe channels and banks designed to mitigate flooding were precarious due to damage sustained during the war period and inadequate maintenance in the following years. The floodwaters persisted for eleven days, covering an area of over 1000 km², with a depth of up to six meters in some places. The disaster resulted in the loss of over a hundred lives and caused extensive damage to houses, farming fields, livestock, warehouses, and farms.
\nDue to inadequate rescue efforts, a nationwide solidarity campaign was launched. Volunteers, medications, food, and clothes were sent from Italy and abroad to help those affected by the flooding. The process of draining the land continued until May 1952. This forced 180,000 people to leave their homes, and 80,000 never returned, leading to the first migration wave after World War II.
\nPhoto: Rescue to Polesine flood victims in 1951 / The National Fire and Rescue Service
\n","value":"In early November, heavy rainfall affected the Po Valley, leading to exceptional flooding of the Po River. The river broke its banks between November 11 and 12 in Parma and two days later in Rovigo, causing floods in the Polesine area in the Veneto region, characterized by large areas below sea level.
\r\n\r\nThe channels and banks designed to mitigate flooding were precarious due to damage sustained during the war period and inadequate maintenance in the following years. The floodwaters persisted for eleven days, covering an area of over 1000 km², with a depth of up to six meters in some places. The disaster resulted in the loss of over a hundred lives and caused extensive damage to houses, farming fields, livestock, warehouses, and farms.
\r\n\r\nDue to inadequate rescue efforts, a nationwide solidarity campaign was launched. Volunteers, medications, food, and clothes were sent from Italy and abroad to help those affected by the flooding. The process of draining the land continued until May 1952. This forced 180,000 people to leave their homes, and 80,000 never returned, leading to the first migration wave after World War II.
\r\n\r\nPhoto: Rescue to Polesine flood victims in 1951 / The National Fire and Rescue Service
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_categoria_primaria":"pagina","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/pagina-base/polesine-flood/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Servizio Nazionale"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":{"field_alt":"L’alluvione del Polesine 11-12 novembre 1951","field_didascalia":"L’alluvione del Polesine 11-12 novembre 1951 (Foto del Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/4ccc78a3ebf820dfd32c7d9d4ee3effa/polesine_0.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/4ccc78a3ebf820dfd32c7d9d4ee3effa/14b42/polesine_0.jpg","srcSet":"/static/4ccc78a3ebf820dfd32c7d9d4ee3effa/f836f/polesine_0.jpg 200w,\n/static/4ccc78a3ebf820dfd32c7d9d4ee3effa/2244e/polesine_0.jpg 400w,\n/static/4ccc78a3ebf820dfd32c7d9d4ee3effa/14b42/polesine_0.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}}}},"field_video_content":null,"field_immagine_anteprima":{"field_alt":"L’alluvione del Polesine 11-12 novembre 1951","field_didascalia":"L’alluvione del Polesine 11-12 novembre 1951 (Foto del Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/4ccc78a3ebf820dfd32c7d9d4ee3effa/polesine_0.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/4ccc78a3ebf820dfd32c7d9d4ee3effa/14b42/polesine_0.jpg","srcSet":"/static/4ccc78a3ebf820dfd32c7d9d4ee3effa/f836f/polesine_0.jpg 200w,\n/static/4ccc78a3ebf820dfd32c7d9d4ee3effa/2244e/polesine_0.jpg 400w,\n/static/4ccc78a3ebf820dfd32c7d9d4ee3effa/14b42/polesine_0.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}},{"field_evento_timeline_attivo":false,"body":{"processed":"October 9, 1963. A massive landslide of 270 million m³ detaches from Mount Toc and plunges into the waters of the Vajont hydroelectric reservoir in the valley of the same name, located on the border between Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Veneto.
\n"},"title":"The Vajont landslide","field_titolo_esteso":"The Vajont landslide","field_data_evento":"1963-10-09T17:22:23+01:00","relationships":{"field_link_evento_timeline":{"field_link":null,"relationships":{"field_link_interno":{"__typename":"node__page","title":"The Vajont landslide","field_titolo_esteso":"The Vajont landslide","body":{"processed":"Vajont is the name of the river that flows through the valley of Erto and Casso in the province of Pordenone and then into the Piave River near Longarone and Castellavazzo in the province of Belluno.
\nThe construction of a massive dam over 260 meters high on the border between Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Veneto significantly impacted the morphology of the valley of the Vajont river. The dam was built in 1959 and was considered the most significant engineering work for electricity production in Italy at that time. The dam's purpose was to form a lake that could collect water from all the artificial reservoirs in the Cadore region and then channel it to the Soverzene power plant. Unfortunately, the dam was constructed without considering the morphological characteristics of the slopes, which were entirely inadequate to contain a hydroelectric reservoir.
\nOn the night of October 9, 1963, a massive landslide of 270 m³ broke off from the northern slope of Mount Toc and plunged into the hydroelectric reservoir. The impact with the water generated a wave of about 50 million m³ that first hit Erto and Casso, overflowed the large dam, and destroyed the built-up areas in the Veneto valley, including Longarone. The disaster resulted in the loss of 1,917 lives, and 400 people were never found.
\nPhoto: The Vajont disaster of October 9, 1963 / The National Fire and Rescue Service
\n","value":"Vajont is the name of the river that flows through the valley of Erto and Casso in the province of Pordenone and then into the Piave River near Longarone and Castellavazzo in the province of Belluno.
\r\n\r\nThe construction of a massive dam over 260 meters high on the border between Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Veneto significantly impacted the morphology of the valley of the Vajont river. The dam was built in 1959 and was considered the most significant engineering work for electricity production in Italy at that time. The dam's purpose was to form a lake that could collect water from all the artificial reservoirs in the Cadore region and then channel it to the Soverzene power plant. Unfortunately, the dam was constructed without considering the morphological characteristics of the slopes, which were entirely inadequate to contain a hydroelectric reservoir.
\r\n\r\nOn the night of October 9, 1963, a massive landslide of 270 m³ broke off from the northern slope of Mount Toc and plunged into the hydroelectric reservoir. The impact with the water generated a wave of about 50 million m³ that first hit Erto and Casso, overflowed the large dam, and destroyed the built-up areas in the Veneto valley, including Longarone. The disaster resulted in the loss of 1,917 lives, and 400 people were never found.
\r\n\r\nPhoto: The Vajont disaster of October 9, 1963 / The National Fire and Rescue Service
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_categoria_primaria":"pagina","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/pagina-base/vajont-landslide/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Servizio Nazionale"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":{"field_alt":"Frana del Vajont del 9 ottobre 1963 ","field_didascalia":"Frana del Vajont 9 ottobre 1963 (foto del Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/67f368ca06df842268784d21f8282b9f/vvf-s-000545-0060.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/67f368ca06df842268784d21f8282b9f/14b42/vvf-s-000545-0060.jpg","srcSet":"/static/67f368ca06df842268784d21f8282b9f/f836f/vvf-s-000545-0060.jpg 200w,\n/static/67f368ca06df842268784d21f8282b9f/2244e/vvf-s-000545-0060.jpg 400w,\n/static/67f368ca06df842268784d21f8282b9f/14b42/vvf-s-000545-0060.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}}}},"field_video_content":null,"field_immagine_anteprima":{"field_alt":"Frana del Vajont del 9 ottobre 1963 ","field_didascalia":"Frana del Vajont 9 ottobre 1963 (foto del Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/67f368ca06df842268784d21f8282b9f/vvf-s-000545-0060.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/67f368ca06df842268784d21f8282b9f/14b42/vvf-s-000545-0060.jpg","srcSet":"/static/67f368ca06df842268784d21f8282b9f/f836f/vvf-s-000545-0060.jpg 200w,\n/static/67f368ca06df842268784d21f8282b9f/2244e/vvf-s-000545-0060.jpg 400w,\n/static/67f368ca06df842268784d21f8282b9f/14b42/vvf-s-000545-0060.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}},{"field_evento_timeline_attivo":false,"body":{"processed":"September 2, 1919. Royal Decree-Law No. 1915 establishes the first regulatory framework for earthquake relief. The measure identifies the Ministry of Public Works as the authority responsible for direction and coordination.
\n"},"title":"The evolution of rescue legislation","field_titolo_esteso":"The evolution of rescue legislation","field_data_evento":"1919-09-02T23:40:52+02:00","relationships":{"field_link_evento_timeline":{"field_link":null,"relationships":{"field_link_interno":{"__typename":"node__page","title":"The evolution of rescue legislation","field_titolo_esteso":"The evolution of rescue legislation","body":{"processed":"Royal Decree-Law No. 1915 of September 2, 1919, first established the regulatory framework for earthquake relief, identifying the Ministry of Public Works as the authority responsible for direction and coordination.
\nWe had to wait until 1925 for the first organic law regarding civil protection: Law no. 473, dated April 17, identified the Minister of Public Works and its operative wing, the Civil Engineering Department, as the fundamental bodies for relief with the aid of health structures.
\nRoyal Decree-Law no. 2389 dated December 9, 1926, converted into Law no. 833 dated March 15, 1928, further defined the organization of the relief and confirmed the responsibility of the Minister for Public Works as director and coordinator of the interventions and also of the other administrations and bodies of the State, like the Fire Brigade, the State Railways, the Red Cross, etc. The relief was not limited to \"telluric disasters\" alone but was extended to those \"of other kinds.\"
\nWhile awaiting the arrival of the Minister of Public Works or the undersecretary of State at the scene of the disaster, all the civil authorities and soldiers depended on the Prefect, the representative of the government in the province, who coordinated the first interventions. The same power was assigned to the Mayors of the municipal territory. As soon as they became aware of the event, they had to send the fire brigade and the available personnel to the scene, immediately informing the Prefect.
\n","value":"Royal Decree-Law No. 1915 of September 2, 1919, first established the regulatory framework for earthquake relief, identifying the Ministry of Public Works as the authority responsible for direction and coordination.
\r\n\r\nWe had to wait until 1925 for the first organic law regarding civil protection: Law no. 473, dated April 17, identified the Minister of Public Works and its operative wing, the Civil Engineering Department, as the fundamental bodies for relief with the aid of health structures.
\r\n\r\nRoyal Decree-Law no. 2389 dated December 9, 1926, converted into Law no. 833 dated March 15, 1928, further defined the organization of the relief and confirmed the responsibility of the Minister for Public Works as director and coordinator of the interventions and also of the other administrations and bodies of the State, like the Fire Brigade, the State Railways, the Red Cross, etc. The relief was not limited to \"telluric disasters\" alone but was extended to those \"of other kinds.\"
\r\n\r\nWhile awaiting the arrival of the Minister of Public Works or the undersecretary of State at the scene of the disaster, all the civil authorities and soldiers depended on the Prefect, the representative of the government in the province, who coordinated the first interventions. The same power was assigned to the Mayors of the municipal territory. As soon as they became aware of the event, they had to send the fire brigade and the available personnel to the scene, immediately informing the Prefect.
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_categoria_primaria":"pagina","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/pagina-base/evolution-rescue-legislation/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Servizio Nazionale"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":null}}}},"field_video_content":null,"field_immagine_anteprima":null}},{"field_evento_timeline_attivo":false,"body":{"processed":"January 13, 1915. An earthquake of magnitude 7 hits central Italy, with its epicenter in the Fucino Plain of Abruzzo. The Marsica earthquake is one of the most violent earthquakes in Italian history due to the large area it affected, and the high number of casualties, injuries, and people left homeless.
\n"},"title":"The Marsica earthquake","field_titolo_esteso":"The Marsica earthquake","field_data_evento":"1915-01-13T23:38:22+01:00","relationships":{"field_link_evento_timeline":{"field_link":null,"relationships":{"field_link_interno":{"__typename":"node__page","title":"The Marsica earthquake","field_titolo_esteso":"The Marsica earthquake","body":{"processed":"On January 13, 1915, at 7:53 a.m., an earthquake of magnitude 7 struck central Italy. The earthquake, with its epicenter in the Fucino Plain, hit Abruzzo with effects above the 11th degree of the Mercalli Scale, and it hit a segment of the Apennine chain that had previously been considered to have insignificant seismicity. More than a thousand aftershocks followed the main event in the following months.
\nThe region of Marsica, which had many built-up areas and a high population density, was razed to the ground. Over 30,000 people lost their lives in the disaster. In the town of Avezzano, one of the hardest-hit areas, there were less than 1,000 survivors out of a population of over 11,000. Huge losses were also reported in Collarmele, San Benedetto dei Marsi, Paterno, Ortucchio, Gioia dei Marsi, and all other locations in the Plain and Valle del Liri.
\nOn the morning of January 14, twenty-four hours after the disaster, first responders from Rome and L'Aquila arrived in Avezzano. They were unable to reach other damaged towns for several days. The soldiers who were dispatched to the site had to work under extreme conditions, navigating through the rubble and snow to find survivors. The Red Cross established field hospitals, and those who were severely injured were transported to Rome for treatment.
\nLess than a month after the catastrophe, Italy under Cadorna had already forgotten the earthquake, projected toward the Great War.
\nPhoto: Avezzano destroyed by Marsica earthquake on January 13, 1915 / Lansing Callan, public domain at commons.wikimedia.org
\n","value":"On January 13, 1915, at 7:53 a.m., an earthquake of magnitude 7 struck central Italy. The earthquake, with its epicenter in the Fucino Plain, hit Abruzzo with effects above the 11th degree of the Mercalli Scale, and it hit a segment of the Apennine chain that had previously been considered to have insignificant seismicity. More than a thousand aftershocks followed the main event in the following months.
\r\n\r\nThe region of Marsica, which had many built-up areas and a high population density, was razed to the ground. Over 30,000 people lost their lives in the disaster. In the town of Avezzano, one of the hardest-hit areas, there were less than 1,000 survivors out of a population of over 11,000. Huge losses were also reported in Collarmele, San Benedetto dei Marsi, Paterno, Ortucchio, Gioia dei Marsi, and all other locations in the Plain and Valle del Liri.
\r\n\r\nOn the morning of January 14, twenty-four hours after the disaster, first responders from Rome and L'Aquila arrived in Avezzano. They were unable to reach other damaged towns for several days. The soldiers who were dispatched to the site had to work under extreme conditions, navigating through the rubble and snow to find survivors. The Red Cross established field hospitals, and those who were severely injured were transported to Rome for treatment.
\r\n\r\nLess than a month after the catastrophe, Italy under Cadorna had already forgotten the earthquake, projected toward the Great War.
\r\n\r\nPhoto: Avezzano destroyed by Marsica earthquake on January 13, 1915 / Lansing Callan, public domain at commons.wikimedia.org
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_categoria_primaria":"pagina","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/pagina-base/marsica-earthquake/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Servizio Nazionale"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":{"field_alt":"Gli effetti su Avezzano del terremoto della Marsica del 13 gennaio 1915","field_didascalia":"Gli effetti su Avezzano del terremoto della Marsica del 13 gennaio 1915 (Foto di Lansing Callan in Pubblico Dominio su Wikimedia Commons)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/fca8efaef93dea72b9b73c2651a5a2d9/avezzano1915.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/fca8efaef93dea72b9b73c2651a5a2d9/14b42/avezzano1915.jpg","srcSet":"/static/fca8efaef93dea72b9b73c2651a5a2d9/f836f/avezzano1915.jpg 200w,\n/static/fca8efaef93dea72b9b73c2651a5a2d9/2244e/avezzano1915.jpg 400w,\n/static/fca8efaef93dea72b9b73c2651a5a2d9/14b42/avezzano1915.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}}}},"field_video_content":null,"field_immagine_anteprima":{"field_alt":"Gli effetti su Avezzano del terremoto della Marsica del 13 gennaio 1915","field_didascalia":"Gli effetti su Avezzano del terremoto della Marsica del 13 gennaio 1915 (Foto di Lansing Callan in Pubblico Dominio su Wikimedia Commons)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/fca8efaef93dea72b9b73c2651a5a2d9/avezzano1915.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/fca8efaef93dea72b9b73c2651a5a2d9/14b42/avezzano1915.jpg","srcSet":"/static/fca8efaef93dea72b9b73c2651a5a2d9/f836f/avezzano1915.jpg 200w,\n/static/fca8efaef93dea72b9b73c2651a5a2d9/2244e/avezzano1915.jpg 400w,\n/static/fca8efaef93dea72b9b73c2651a5a2d9/14b42/avezzano1915.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}},{"field_evento_timeline_attivo":false,"body":{"processed":"December 28, 1908. An earthquake with a 7.2 magnitude hits eastern Sicily and southern Calabria. It is followed by a massive tsunami that sweeps over the coast of the Strait of Messina, worsening the damage caused by the earthquake and resulting in additional casualties for those who escaped the collapses. The event is one of the most devastating catastrophes ever to occur in Italy.
\n"},"title":"The earthquake and tsunami in Messina and Reggio Calabria ","field_titolo_esteso":"The earthquake and tsunami in Messina and Reggio Calabria ","field_data_evento":"1908-12-28T23:35:44+01:00","relationships":{"field_link_evento_timeline":{"field_link":null,"relationships":{"field_link_interno":{"__typename":"node__page","title":"The earthquake and tsunami in Messina and Reggio Calabria ","field_titolo_esteso":"The earthquake and tsunami in Messina and Reggio Calabria ","body":{"processed":"On the morning of December 28, 1908, at 5:20 a.m., a massive 7.2 magnitude earthquake struck eastern Sicily and southern Calabria. The tragic event, which represents one of the most devastating tragedies ever to occur in Italy, nearly destroyed the cities of Messina and Reggio Calabria and caused extensive damage, covering an area of about 6 thousand square kilometers. The earthquake caught the population in its sleep, and the number of victims was around 80 thousand.
\nThe damages were mainly caused by the poor resistance of the foundation grounds and the poor quality of construction. In Messina, the earthquake hit the historic center and the coastal area particularly hard. Significant buildings were razed to the ground, including the famous \"Palazzata,\" the series of buildings lining the harbor that had already been destroyed and rebuilt after the 1783 earthquake.
\nAbout 10 minutes after the earthquake, a massive tsunami swept both coasts of the Straits, worsening the damages caused by the earthquake and creating new victims among those who survived the collapses and ran toward the sea to escape. Communication routes were blocked, roads and railroads were destroyed, and telegraph and telephone lines were partly interrupted because the tsunami broke submarine cables.
\nThe earthquake's impact on the economy and demographics lasted for years. It caused temporary depopulation, followed by a migration influx driven by the demand for workforce for reconstruction.
\nThe tragic event of 1908 prompted the government to mitigate earthquake effects by introducing seismic classification of the national territory and implementing specific building regulations. In 1909, the first Royal Decree introduced standards valid for the entire national territory.
\nPhoto: The devastating effects of the earthquake of December 28, 1908, in the city of Messina / Underwood&Underwood, catalog number 10,495, public domain at commons.wikimedia.org
\n","value":"On the morning of December 28, 1908, at 5:20 a.m., a massive 7.2 magnitude earthquake struck eastern Sicily and southern Calabria. The tragic event, which represents one of the most devastating tragedies ever to occur in Italy, nearly destroyed the cities of Messina and Reggio Calabria and caused extensive damage, covering an area of about 6 thousand square kilometers. The earthquake caught the population in its sleep, and the number of victims was around 80 thousand.
\r\n\r\nThe damages were mainly caused by the poor resistance of the foundation grounds and the poor quality of construction. In Messina, the earthquake hit the historic center and the coastal area particularly hard. Significant buildings were razed to the ground, including the famous \"Palazzata,\" the series of buildings lining the harbor that had already been destroyed and rebuilt after the 1783 earthquake.
\r\n\r\nAbout 10 minutes after the earthquake, a massive tsunami swept both coasts of the Straits, worsening the damages caused by the earthquake and creating new victims among those who survived the collapses and ran toward the sea to escape. Communication routes were blocked, roads and railroads were destroyed, and telegraph and telephone lines were partly interrupted because the tsunami broke submarine cables.
\r\n\r\nThe earthquake's impact on the economy and demographics lasted for years. It caused temporary depopulation, followed by a migration influx driven by the demand for workforce for reconstruction.
\r\n\r\nThe tragic event of 1908 prompted the government to mitigate earthquake effects by introducing seismic classification of the national territory and implementing specific building regulations. In 1909, the first Royal Decree introduced standards valid for the entire national territory.
\r\n\r\nPhoto: The devastating effects of the earthquake of December 28, 1908, in the city of Messina / Underwood&Underwood, catalog number 10,495, public domain at commons.wikimedia.org
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_categoria_primaria":"pagina","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/pagina-base/earthquake-and-tsunami-messina-and-reggio-calabria/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Servizio Nazionale"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":{"field_alt":"I devastanti effetti del terremoto del 28 dicembre 1908 sulla città di Messina","field_didascalia":"I devastanti effetti del terremoto del 28 dicembre 1908 sulla città di Messina (Underwood&Underwood, numero di catalogo 10.495, di pubblico dominio su commons.wikimedia.org)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/8ab436cba803150048a521469cbd7af3/messinareggio1908.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/8ab436cba803150048a521469cbd7af3/14b42/messinareggio1908.jpg","srcSet":"/static/8ab436cba803150048a521469cbd7af3/f836f/messinareggio1908.jpg 200w,\n/static/8ab436cba803150048a521469cbd7af3/2244e/messinareggio1908.jpg 400w,\n/static/8ab436cba803150048a521469cbd7af3/14b42/messinareggio1908.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}}}},"field_video_content":null,"field_immagine_anteprima":{"field_alt":"I devastanti effetti del terremoto del 28 dicembre 1908 sulla città di Messina","field_didascalia":"I devastanti effetti del terremoto del 28 dicembre 1908 sulla città di Messina (Underwood&Underwood, numero di catalogo 10.495, di pubblico dominio su commons.wikimedia.org)","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/8ab436cba803150048a521469cbd7af3/messinareggio1908.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/8ab436cba803150048a521469cbd7af3/14b42/messinareggio1908.jpg","srcSet":"/static/8ab436cba803150048a521469cbd7af3/f836f/messinareggio1908.jpg 200w,\n/static/8ab436cba803150048a521469cbd7af3/2244e/messinareggio1908.jpg 400w,\n/static/8ab436cba803150048a521469cbd7af3/14b42/messinareggio1908.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}},{"field_evento_timeline_attivo":false,"body":{"processed":"In the newborn Kingdom of Italy, rescuing people affected by an emergency is not a priority task for the State: interventions are primarily assigned to the military and considered charity work. This is the case of the December 1870 flood in Rome. On this occasion, the army troops who conquered the city with the Breach of Porta Pia two months before are responsible for providing first aid.
\n\n"},"title":"United Italy: the first laws","field_titolo_esteso":"United Italy: the first laws\r\n","field_data_evento":"1861-05-01T15:03:43+00:49","relationships":{"field_link_evento_timeline":{"field_link":null,"relationships":{"field_link_interno":{"__typename":"node__page","title":"United Italy: the first laws","field_titolo_esteso":"United Italy: the first laws","body":{"processed":"
Before the unification of Italy, relief was organized in different ways according to the State. During major emergencies, such as the earthquake of Val di Noto in 1693 and Calabria in 1783, central authorities appointed a commissioner with exceptional powers. On a legislative level, seismic regulations already existed in the Papal States, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and the Duchy of Mantua, where Pirro Logorio designed the first earthquake-resistant house in the West. Walking through the ruins of Ferrara, hit by an earthquake in 1570, the architect was the first to address the housing safety issue.
\nUpon Italy's unification, the Statuto Albertino, adopted by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1848, came into force. By their geological nature, Piedmont and Sardinia are not seismic regions. Consequently, all the regulations regarding earthquake-resistant buildings were abolished in all the states annexed to Piedmont. In the new unitary laws, the hydraulic engineering \"tradition\" developed in the northern territory to control the rivers remained.
\nProviding aid and relief to the damaged populations was not a State priority: interventions were mainly assigned to the military and considered charity work. Even during the flood in Rome in December 1870, first aid was provided by the army troops who had conquered the city with the Breach of Porta Pia two months earlier.
\nThe post-unity legislative framework was fragmentary and poorly organized, only providing for interventions following particular contingencies and calamities or for specific subjects. All measures adopted to face emergencies immediately found their normative basis in the ordering powers granted to the administrative authority by Law No. 2359, dated June 25, 1865. Prefects and mayors were able to use private property in the event of an emergency.
\nIn case of disaster, the army and the security forces were mobilized and were the first to reach the disaster site. The emergency management process was very rigid and only started when news of the disaster officially reached the Prime Minister, who also served as Minister of the Interior.
\nDespatch started from the dense network of prefectures on the territory and could arrive within hours, days, or weeks of the event. The emergencies were considered national only if they hit strategic roads or structures of public utility. After assessing the scenario, the military departments closest to the impacted area were activated. In a spontaneous and uncoordinated manner, volunteer rescuers, religious entities, and associations were also deployed to support the military's work.
\nIn 1906, regulations were issued on volcanic eruptions, defending inhabitants and roads from landslides, floods, sea storms, and hurricanes.
\nPhoto: Image from a vintage print of Piazza del Popolo in Rome after the flood of 1870
\n","value":"Before the unification of Italy, relief was organized in different ways according to the State. During major emergencies, such as the earthquake of Val di Noto in 1693 and Calabria in 1783, central authorities appointed a commissioner with exceptional powers. On a legislative level, seismic regulations already existed in the Papal States, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and the Duchy of Mantua, where Pirro Logorio designed the first earthquake-resistant house in the West. Walking through the ruins of Ferrara, hit by an earthquake in 1570, the architect was the first to address the housing safety issue.
\r\n\r\nUpon Italy's unification, the Statuto Albertino, adopted by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1848, came into force. By their geological nature, Piedmont and Sardinia are not seismic regions. Consequently, all the regulations regarding earthquake-resistant buildings were abolished in all the states annexed to Piedmont. In the new unitary laws, the hydraulic engineering \"tradition\" developed in the northern territory to control the rivers remained.
\r\n\r\nProviding aid and relief to the damaged populations was not a State priority: interventions were mainly assigned to the military and considered charity work. Even during the flood in Rome in December 1870, first aid was provided by the army troops who had conquered the city with the Breach of Porta Pia two months earlier.
\r\n\r\nThe post-unity legislative framework was fragmentary and poorly organized, only providing for interventions following particular contingencies and calamities or for specific subjects. All measures adopted to face emergencies immediately found their normative basis in the ordering powers granted to the administrative authority by Law No. 2359, dated June 25, 1865. Prefects and mayors were able to use private property in the event of an emergency.
\r\n\r\nIn case of disaster, the army and the security forces were mobilized and were the first to reach the disaster site. The emergency management process was very rigid and only started when news of the disaster officially reached the Prime Minister, who also served as Minister of the Interior.
\r\n\r\nDespatch started from the dense network of prefectures on the territory and could arrive within hours, days, or weeks of the event. The emergencies were considered national only if they hit strategic roads or structures of public utility. After assessing the scenario, the military departments closest to the impacted area were activated. In a spontaneous and uncoordinated manner, volunteer rescuers, religious entities, and associations were also deployed to support the military's work.
\r\n\r\nIn 1906, regulations were issued on volcanic eruptions, defending inhabitants and roads from landslides, floods, sea storms, and hurricanes.
\r\n\r\nPhoto: Image from a vintage print of Piazza del Popolo in Rome after the flood of 1870
\r\n"},"field_abstract":null,"field_categoria_primaria":"pagina","field_codice_lingua":true,"fields":{"slug":"/pagina-base/united-italy-first-laws/"},"relationships":{"field_sottodominio":{"name":"Servizio Nazionale"},"field_immagine_anteprima":null,"field_immagine_dettaglio":{"field_alt":"Immagine da una stampa dell'epoca di Piazza del Popolo a Roma in seguito all'inondazione del 1870","field_didascalia":"Immagine da una stampa dell'epoca di Piazza del Popolo a Roma in seguito all'inondazione del 1870","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/538018b8960bfdd24ab8086fb93b4ecf/inondazioneroma1870_1.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/538018b8960bfdd24ab8086fb93b4ecf/14b42/inondazioneroma1870_1.jpg","srcSet":"/static/538018b8960bfdd24ab8086fb93b4ecf/f836f/inondazioneroma1870_1.jpg 200w,\n/static/538018b8960bfdd24ab8086fb93b4ecf/2244e/inondazioneroma1870_1.jpg 400w,\n/static/538018b8960bfdd24ab8086fb93b4ecf/14b42/inondazioneroma1870_1.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}}}},"field_video_content":null,"field_immagine_anteprima":{"field_alt":"Immagine da una stampa dell'epoca di Piazza del Popolo a Roma in seguito all'inondazione del 1870","field_didascalia":"Immagine da una stampa dell'epoca di Piazza del Popolo a Roma in seguito all'inondazione del 1870","relationships":{"image":{"localFile":{"publicURL":"/static/538018b8960bfdd24ab8086fb93b4ecf/inondazioneroma1870_1.jpg","childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/538018b8960bfdd24ab8086fb93b4ecf/14b42/inondazioneroma1870_1.jpg","srcSet":"/static/538018b8960bfdd24ab8086fb93b4ecf/f836f/inondazioneroma1870_1.jpg 200w,\n/static/538018b8960bfdd24ab8086fb93b4ecf/2244e/inondazioneroma1870_1.jpg 400w,\n/static/538018b8960bfdd24ab8086fb93b4ecf/14b42/inondazioneroma1870_1.jpg 800w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}}}},{"field_evento_timeline_attivo":false,"body":{"processed":"On December 14, 1991, an eruptive fissure opens at the base of Etna's southeast crater, beginning the longest eruption of the 20th century: 473 days and over 300 million cubic meters of lava. The lava flow reaches the point of endangering the town of Zafferana Etnea.
\n"},"title":"The Etna eruption","field_titolo_esteso":"The Etna eruption","field_data_evento":"1991-12-14T17:59:07+01:00","relationships":{"field_link_evento_timeline":{"field_link":null,"relationships":{"field_link_interno":{"__typename":"node__page","title":"The Etna eruption","field_titolo_esteso":"The Etna eruption","body":{"processed":"On the night between December 13 and 14, 1991, an eruptive fissure at the base of Etna's southeast crater opened, which marked the beginning of the longest eruption of the 20th century. The eruption lasted 473 days and produced over 300 million cubic meters of lava. Eventually, the lava flow threatened the town of Zafferana Etnea.
\nBetween early January and May 1992, the Department of Civil Protection, with scientific support from the National Volcanology Group (GNV) of the National Research Council (CNR) and the Major Risks Commission (CGR), carried out a diverse and complex set of interventions to address the erupting volcano. Some of these interventions were unprecedented, such as constructing a 20-meter-high dike to slow the lava flow and implementing additional protective measures.
\nThe action proved effective, and the lava front slowed down for two months. When the basin was full of lava and always overflowing in the direction of Zafferana Etnea, a decision was made to divert the flow into an artificial path using concrete blocks and explosives. The operation was successful, and the last active flow was observed on March 30, 1993.
\nPhoto: Detail of the lava flow of Etna in the early 1990s / Army General Staff
\n","value":"On the night between December 13 and 14, 1991, an eruptive fissure at the base of Etna's southeast crater opened, which marked the beginning of the longest eruption of the 20th century. The eruption lasted 473 days and produced over 300 million cubic meters of lava. Eventually, the lava flow threatened the town of Zafferana Etnea.
\r\n\r\nBetween early January and May 1992, the Department of Civil Protection, with scientific support from the National Volcanology Group (GNV) of the National Research Council (CNR) and the Major Risks Commission (CGR), carried out a diverse and complex set of interventions to address the erupting volcano. Some of these interventions were unprecedented, such as constructing a 20-meter-high dike to slow the lava flow and implementing additional protective measures.
\r\n\r\nThe action proved effective, and the lava front slowed down for two months. When the basin was full of lava and always overflowing in the direction of Zafferana Etnea, a decision was made to divert the flow into an artificial path using concrete blocks and explosives. The operation was successful, and the last active flow was observed on March 30, 1993.
\r\n\r\nPhoto: Detail of the lava flow of Etna in the early 1990s / Army General Staff
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